The Utopian Medinan Ummah

The Sunnī-Jamā‘ī Imamate

The Delegation of Caliphal Authority

The Sacral Sultanate

Sharī‘ah and Justice in the Ottoman Empire

Historical Evolution of the Sunnī-Jamā‘ī Imamate

The Socio-political Hierarchy of Medieval Islamic Society

Muhammad on Minbar (pulpit) Addressing the Ummah in Medina

Mourning the Prophet Muhammad’s Death, 632 CE.

Muhammad Designating ‘Ali His First Successor at Ghadīr Khum

Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad’s Foster Brother, Cousin, and Son-in-law, Receiving the Bay’ah (oath of allegiance) in Kufa (modern-day Iraq), 656 CE.

The Abbasid Caliphate: Administrative Divisions During Hārūn al-Rashīd’s Reign (786 – 809)

The Muslim Middle East Around 1090

Growth of the Ottoman Empire

Execution Without Trial Under the Moorish Kings of Granada