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The Question of Identity: Ethnicity, Language, Religion, and Gender

Before Islam:  Mesopotamia

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Learning Resources

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Primary Sources

“Hymn to Inana, A.” The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Link to resourcenew window (accessed May 7, 2010). Translated, annotated hymn by woman of high status.

Author’s Note: “A hymn to Inana,” written by a woman of high status, the high priestess to the moon-god Nanna in Ur, Enheduana (2285-2250 BCE). Enheduana is generally considered the earliest author known to modern scholars by name. Her poetry and hymns characteristically demonstrate a very personal connection to the divine. 

“Instructions of Shuruppak, The.” The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Link to resourcenew window (accessed May 7, 2010). Translated instructions, advice for life situations.

Author’s Note: “Instructions of Shuruppak,” contains numerous instructions and advice for a variety of life situations, including many proverbial references. 

“Law Code of Hammurabi, The.” World Civilizations: Mesopotamia. Link to resourcenew window (accessed May 7, 2010), or Link to resourcenew window (accessed May 7, 2010). Code of Hammurabi, introduction, commentary from Encyclopedia Britannica.

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